فصلنامه اثر
پیاپی 89 (تابستان 1399)

Iranian architecture is full of innovations and initiatives that have evolved over time and have succeeded in erecting sustainable buildings with a logic of static and balanced forces. It has succeeded in erecting stable structures with a static logic and balance of forces. The use of local materials along with the use of various methods and techniques of structures, has paved the way for Iranian architects to create unique and sustainable spaces.one of the most important tasks of architects and restorers is to review and analyze these methods. Undoubtedly, in order to enter the category of recognizing, preserving and restoring architectural heritage, it is necessary to first look at this great heritage with a scientific approach and then make a detailed analysis of the structure of the building.One of these techniques is weight lightening. This is achieved by using the geometry, proportions, experience and ingenuity of the architect. weight lightening in historical buildings was performed in different ways. In addition to reducing the weight of the building, it balances the forces on the load-bearing components, especially the arch, and provides more stability to the building. This study seeks to answer the questions of how weight lightening in historical buildings was carried out and in what ways, what role was played in the balance of forces in the building, and how it has been able to increase the useful life and make the building resistant to natural disasters. To find the answer, the present article is designed with the aim of examining, and recognizing, the method of stylistic benefits in traditional buildings, and then examines the various, weight lightening methods in terms of the form and manner of power transmission and impact on the building And manner of power transmission and impact on the building The method of qualitative research is based on descriptive, comparative, field studies and research of traditional masters. Finally, by using modeling by AutoCAD and TriDimax software and comparing different styles of styling, the article, has tried to present a typology of styling in traditional structural elements. Finally, various, weight-lightening methods, are identified in traditional buildings and it is understood that weight lightening leads to greater stability by reducing the weight of the structure and solving the thrust problems. It should be noted that this study does not include domes, domed arches and all-wood structures that are common in the Caspian climate of Iran.

The Karakorum was the capital of the Mongol dynasty during the 13th century. In addition to Mongolia, the territory included China, Iran, Russia, and Eastern Europe. During these years, the city was the destination of many artisans, merchants, and scientists from all over the vast territory, who traveled to Mongolia to serve at the court of the Great Khan. Until recent years, much of the information about this ancient capital was limited to written sources provided by Chinese, Iranian, and European historians and globe trotters. With the expansion of archeological excavations in the area over the last two decades, many hidden corners of this historic site became available. Analyzing this information and matching it with historical documents can both answer any questions about the way of life of the Mongol rulers at the beginning of their reign, and can reveal the cultural interactions between these nomadic rulers and the subjugated nations. This article examines the latest information from archaeological excavations and their relevance to the surviving historical citations explains the main features of the first capital of nomadic rulers and examines the effects of their nomadic behavior on the settlement and design of the city. The data of this article have been collected by library methods and the obtained findings and the research has been done by the comparative-analytical method. The results of this study showed that the Karakorum is a pre-designed city with a specific geometric shape and has been built mostly for the settlement of people from dependent nations such as craftsmen, merchants, and court secretaries. The great Mongol Khan was content with staying only for a very short period in the suburbs, and to adhere to the nomadic way of life, he moved periodically from one settlement to another.

Iranian Bazaar is an ancient space pattern that has a special importance in different civilizations, especially among Iranians. Urban Caravansaries are the space for the exchange of commercial goods and the need for a safe place to stay for traders and passengers, mainly in the vicinity of Bazaars for Caravans and people. The central courtyard is a fundamental pattern in Iranian architecture that has been in different forms in various periods and regions of Iran. This archetype, with its basic characteristics such as centrality, unity and plurality, vitality, provides a suitable space for the functions required. The Iranian Bazaar’ Serai has been a place for the presence of caravans, supply and exchange of goods. These spaces have a variety of functions that require different aspects of recognition in the contemporary era. Therefore, the aim of this paper is definition the Serai as a fundamental pattern in Iranian architecture, especially in the structure of the Iranian Bazaars, with emphasis on Tabriz's historical bazaar Serai. The research has a qualitative-quantitative approach, and was conducted using analytical, typological and logical reasoning research methods, field survey, typological and documentary study techniques. The research results showed that the basic characteristics of the Bazaars include centrality, cohesion and unity, square or rectangular geometry, functional flexibility, vitality, and the most important typological criteria in physical, economic, social cultural and environmental dimensions. Also, the typological criteria are shape, area, location, wholesaler and retailer, type of activity and vegetation. In the Tabriz historical Bazaar, a variety of physical and economic types have been used as public and specialty yards for various commercial, manufacturing, warehousing, and landscaping events from the past.

Lithography is one of the oldest surviving human arts in history. In different parts of Iran, a number of rock designs have been identified and introduced so far, some of which are located in the geographical area of northwestern Iran. So far, various Petroglyphs have been identified and introduced in this area; in the meantime, the share of Meshkinshahr city is very significant. In this city, the number of areas with Petroglyphs has been identified, documented and introduced so far. In 2016, the authors identified, examined and documented a number of Petroglyphs while conducting a field study of Ms. Alilou’s site in Meshkinshahr identifying, reviewing and documenting about 300 Petroglyphs. In the present study, the authors use a field and library method based on descriptive-comparative studies looking for answers to the following questions. 1- How many types of Khanim Alilou’s Petroglyphs can be divided into themes? 2- Based on relative chronology, to what periods do these paintings belong? In answer to the above questions, the drawings are divided into 3 general categories of human, animal and geometric motifs; also, based on the relative chronology of these paintings, between the first millennium BC. They were created until the Parthian period and the beginning of Islam. The results of this study can be used to complete the lithographic information of the northwestern part of Iran, especially the city of Meshkinshahr.

Shiraz is rich in history and has always been regarded as one of the most important cities in the central plateau of Iran. Also, it is one of the most important habitats of Iran during the Achaemenid and Sassanid eras, due to its proximity to Marvdasht plain and was also considered as one of the most important cities of Iran in the post-Islamic period. This role took distinctive features after the Mongol invasion and Shiraz was regarded as a hub for Iranian culture and literature. Further, the impact of the morphological features of the city is of particular importance. As there is a lack of reliable documents for the form of the city in historic periods, especially until the beginning of Safavid, it is necessary to create a clear picture of the evolution of the physical representation of the city. In the present study, with respect to its historical subject, the related data were collected by descriptive method based on historical- documentary approach. Data were analyzed based on comparative method. Finally, the changes in architecture and urban spaces in Shiraz were divided into pre-Islamic and post-Islamic period until the advent of the Safavid and the architectural features of the buildings and urban spaces in each period were described based on the presented maps.

There are many tombs in Lorestan province that are part of the treasure trove of Islamic architecture in Iran due to their national and regional characteristics. Shine Shah Mausoleum is one of these tombs.
The general view shows a typical, unassuming building, however, this building is a normal and integrated building, but at the same time, the analysis of the building and its structure indicates structural changes and developments and includes multiple periods of construction, which has not been explored so far and this raises the need to study it. In this regard, the present article has tried to answer these questions: To what period did the original building belong and at what times was it restored or rebuilt?
The purpose of this research is to study the periods of construction and the architectural modifications made to it. This was done based on architectural elements and structure on the tomb’s architecture.
The purpose of this article is to study and recognize the periods of construction, architectural changes and identification of the owner of the tomb.
The writing of this article is based on practical research. In addition, its comparison to other similar examples has been attempted through descriptive-analytical method.
 The results of this study indicate that the tomb building was constructed during the Ilkhanid period and in the Safavid period, its dome was rebuilt and the entrance porch was added to it, and is probably the Tome of Shujauddin Khorshid, the leader At Abakan Lur Kochak (1184).